In May–June 2018, a salvage excavation was conducted on Dr. Koch Street in Ramla (Permit No. A-8301; map ref. 187868–84/648194–211; Fig. 1), prior to the construction of a house. The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by Nafr Taisir, was directed by O. Danziger, with the assistance of Y. Amrani (administration), V. Essman (surveying and drafting), A. Peretz (field photography), R. Kool (numismatics), L. Rauchberger (tobacco pipe), Y. Sitton (preliminary inspection), A. ‘Azab and I. Korenfeld.
The excavation was conducted about 500 m west of the White Mosque, about 600 m south of the Pool of the Arches and about 450 m west of the Great Mosque. Several excavations conducted nearby exposed architectural remains dating from the Crusader period (Korenfeld 2010), meager remains from the Mamluk period, and walls and floors from the Ottoman period (Toueg 2011).
Following the mechanical removal of the surface layer (thickness c. 1.1 m), two squares were excavated (Fig. 2), exposing wall remains from the Early Islamic and Ottoman periods and collapsed stone heaps from the Ottoman period.
In the southern square were collapsed stones (L105, L106) and a wall (W111). The collapsed stones in L105 derive from an Ottoman-period structure that had not survived. The collapsed stones in L106 derive from W111, dating from the Early Islamic period. This north–south wall was constructed of medium-size fieldstones preserved three courses high. A habitation level (L104) was also identified. Potsherds found in the soil covering the remains (L100) and in Habitation Level 104 include a simple bowl (Fig. 3:1), dating from the Fatimid period (tenth–eleventh centuries CE), and a simple bowl (Fig. 3:2) and a jug (Fig. 3:3), both dating from the Early Islamic period (eighth–eleventh centuries CE). A broken clay tobacco-pipe bowl found in the covering soil has a reddish-brown slip and is burnished (L100, B1005; Fig. 4). The bowl is round, decorated with petals interspersed with stamped decorations of palm fronds, topped by a horizontal band of oval projections. The shank—separated from the bowl by a double incised line—is short, swollen and decorated with incised diagonal lines. The shank continues below the bowl and forms a pronounced keel, further emphasized by two denticulated rouletted stripes forming a V shape. The bowl base and shank bear wear marks suggestive of abrasion on an external surface—a floor or a metal bowl—during smoking, probably implying a long period of use. A similar pipe was found in Yafo, dated there to the end of the eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries CE (de Vincenz 2021: Type J-18Q).
In the northern square yielded the remains of two walls (W102, W109; Fig. 5). Wall 102, oriented north–south, was constructed of large and medium-sized fieldstones and was preserved four courses high; the wall seems to date from the Ottoman period. Wall 109, oriented northeast–southwest, was uncovered c. 1 m below the level of W102. Only its foundation course was preserved, constructed of one course of fieldstones. A probe near the walls (L110) yielded Early Islamic pottery (not drawn), which probably provides the date of W109. On the surface north of the northern square (L101) a Roman provincial coin (IAA 168153) was found.
The pottery from the excavation included many unidentified wasters, suggesting a possible pottery-manufacturing workshop nearby.
Korenfeld I. 2010. Ramla, the Orthodox School. HA-ESI 122.
Toueg R. 2011. Ramla, Suleiman ‘Abd al-Malak Street. HA-ESI 123.
Vincenz A. de. 2021. Porcelain and Ceramic Vessels of the Ottoman Period. In Y. Arbel ed. Excavations at the Ottoman Military Compound (Qishle) in Jaffa, 2007, 2009 (The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project Series 4; Ägypten und Altes Testament 91). Münster. Pp. 127–304.